For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). A. (1997) The Dispersion-Focalization Theory of Vowel Systems. Guthrie, M. Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. During this time, rarefaction is occurring. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. & , Tsoutios In Journal of Phonetics 30: 591627. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. & Matumbi P13 has been claimed to have super-close vowels /i u/ (Odden 1996: 5), but the description of the contrast between /i u/ and /i u/ as being roughly equivalent to the contrast between [], [] and [i], [u] suggests that the vowels likely contrast tongue root position (ATR) rather than tongue height. M. C. Rialland Paper presented at Sound Change in Interacting Human Systems, 3rd Biennial Workshop on Sound Change, May G. Whistled Fricatives in Southern Bantu. 36: 721734. Grahamstown: Department of African Languages, Rhodes University. M. N. , It has since sometimes come to be used for any consonant which has any local lowering effect on pitch or, more accurately, on the fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration, abbreviated F0, such as an ordinary voiced plosive. Consonant gemination has developed through internal processes in languages such as Ganda JE15 (Clements 1986) and by contact with Cushitic languages in Ilwana E701 (Nurse 1994). M. Miller, A. Nomdebevana K. Sock, R. Baumbach, E. J. M. (1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. 32(2): 113121. Nchimbi, A. S. A. Sitoe, B. . S. The most extensive body of work on the phonetics of tone in a single Bantu language concerns Chewa N31b (Carleton 1996, Myers 1996, Myers & Carleton 1996, Myers 1999a, b). She found that [ATR] vowels with a constricted voice quality tend to have higher center of gravity values, while [+ATR] vowels with a hollow quality have lower center of gravity values (Starwalt 2008: 441). Figure 3.13 & 55: 119148. , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). Narayanan In Kawahara & L. Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /k/ to suck. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. A. & Pholia Maho, J. F. (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. Figure 3.5 (eds. P. Clicks in Bantu languages are often made with a back closure that is velar, however uvular constrictions also occur, particularly for post-alveolar [] and lateral clicks [] (Miller 2008). Fridjhon Brenzinger, M. (ed. O. T. M. (1992) Kinyamwezi: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary. We are using cookies to provide statistics that help us give you the best experience of our site. Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). Peter ), Handbook of Speech Production, 477504. Figure 3.8 Lanham, L. W. K. C. Elderkin 32(1): 97111. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [rukoma] papyrus, spoken by a different male speaker than in
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